Liquorice

Glycyrrhiza Uralensis

Use with CautionDigestive HealthImmune SupportPain & InflammationDetox & Liver

Medicinal Facts

Glycyrrhiza uralensis, commonly known as liquorice, is renowned for its saponin glycyrrhizin, which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. It sits at the intersection of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where it is a harmonizing herb used in numerous formulations, and modern pharmacological research focusing on its impact on corticosteroid metabolism and immune modulation. Glycyrrhizin's effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines are central to its therapeutic potential. However, its use is tempered by concerns over glycyrrhizin-induced hypokalemia and hypertension, necessitating careful dosing and monitoring.

What it helps with

Chronic inflammation

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), leading to increased cortisol activity which exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-kB and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Evidence from animal models and human trials supports its use in inflammatory conditions, though its mineralocorticoid effects require caution.

Viral infections

Glycyrrhizin exhibits antiviral activity by binding to viral particles and inhibiting replication, as seen in studies with hepatitis C and herpes simplex viruses. It also modulates the immune response by enhancing interferon production. While promising, most evidence is preclinical or from small clinical trials.

Adrenal support

By inhibiting 11β-HSD2, glycyrrhizin prolongs the half-life of cortisol, providing a pseudo-corticosteroid effect that supports adrenal function. This mechanism is traditionally leveraged in TCM for fatigue and stress-related conditions, although long-term use must be managed to avoid side effects.

Gastrointestinal health

Liquorice flavonoids, particularly glabridin, inhibit Helicobacter pylori and promote mucosal defense by increasing mucus production and modulating gastric acid secretion. Clinical trials have explored its use in peptic ulcer disease, with evidence suggesting a supportive role alongside conventional therapies.

Respiratory health

Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin exhibit bronchodilatory and expectorant effects, partly by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes and modulating leukotriene pathways. Traditional use in cough and bronchitis is supported by animal studies and limited human data.

Skin conditions

Liquorice extracts, rich in glabridin, inhibit tyrosinase and reduce melanin synthesis, offering potential benefits in hyperpigmentation and inflammatory skin conditions. Topical formulations are backed by in vitro studies and small clinical trials.

Hormonal balance

Liquiritigenin, a phytoestrogen in liquorice, binds to estrogen receptors and modulates estrogenic activity, which may support menopausal symptoms. Its role is primarily supported by animal studies and traditional use.

Key active compounds

Glycyrrhizin

A triterpenoid saponin that inhibits 11β-HSD2, increasing cortisol activity and exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. It is poorly absorbed, and its systemic effects can lead to mineralocorticoid side effects such as hypertension.

Glabridin

A flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it inhibits tyrosinase and has been studied for its effects on skin pigmentation and metabolic health.

Liquiritin

A flavonoid glycoside with bronchodilatory and expectorant effects, it modulates leukotriene pathways and has been used traditionally for respiratory support.

Liquiritigenin

A phytoestrogen that binds to estrogen receptors and modulates hormonal activity, potentially beneficial for menopausal symptoms.

Isoliquiritigenin

A chalcone with anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties, it inhibits NF-kB and has shown potential in cancer adjunct research.

Glycyrrhetic acid

The aglycone of glycyrrhizin, it retains anti-inflammatory properties and contributes to the modulation of cortisol metabolism.

Formononetin

An isoflavone with estrogenic activity, it contributes to the overall phytoestrogenic effects of liquorice.

What the research says

Research on Glycyrrhiza uralensis is robust in several areas. The strongest human evidence supports its use in chronic inflammation and viral infections, with glycyrrhizin's effects on cortisol metabolism and immune modulation being central. In gastrointestinal health, flavonoids like glabridin show promise in H. pylori management and ulcer support, though larger trials are needed. The main limitation is glycyrrhizin's mineralocorticoid activity, which can lead to hypertension and electrolyte imbalances. This is addressed by using deglycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL) in some formulations, which retains mucosal benefits without systemic side effects.

Typical dosage

For tea or infusion, use 1-2 teaspoons of dried root per cup of boiling water, steep for 10-15 minutes, and consume up to three times daily. For tinctures, take 1-2 ml up to three times a day. Capsules typically contain 200-400 mg, taken once or twice daily. Powdered forms can be mixed with water or juice, using 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon per dose. Topical applications should be used as directed by a healthcare provider.

About Liquorice

Glycyrrhiza uralensis, commonly known as liquorice, is a perennial herb native to Asia and a member of the Fabaceae family. It is renowned for its sweet flavor, which is primarily due to the compound glycyrrhizin, a saponin glycoside. Traditionally, liquorice has been used in various cultures for its medicinal properties, particularly in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. It is often employed to soothe digestive issues, such as acid reflux and bloating, and to alleviate sore throats and coughs due to its anti-inflammatory and demulcent properties. Liquorice is also noted for its potential immune-boosting and antiviral effects, making it a popular choice during cold and flu seasons. The herb contains flavonoids and other compounds that may help modulate the immune response and inhibit viral replication. In addition, liquorice has been used to support adrenal function and combat stress-related fatigue, as it may help regulate cortisol levels. Modern research has explored liquorice's role in liver protection and detoxification, as it may support liver health by promoting the production of bile and protecting liver cells from damage. However, due to its potential to cause side effects such as hypertension and fluid retention, liquorice should be used with caution, particularly in individuals with pre-existing health conditions. It is important to note that deglycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL) is available for those who wish to avoid the side effects associated with glycyrrhizin.

Traditional Use

Licorice has a rich history of use in various cultures, dating back to ancient Egypt where it was used for its medicinal properties. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, licorice is known as 'Gan Cao' and has been utilized for over 2,000 years, often included in herbal formulations to enhance the effects of other herbs. The ancient Greeks and Romans also valued licorice for its therapeutic benefits, using it to treat coughs and digestive issues. Over time, licorice has evolved from a traditional remedy to a popular flavoring agent in candies and beverages, while still being recognized for its medicinal potential.

Preparations & Dosage

Preparations

Tea / Infusion: Boil 1-2 teaspoons of dried liquorice root in a cup of water. Reduce heat and simmer for 10-15 minutes. Strain before drinking. Add honey or lemon for taste if desired.
Tincture: Use a dropper to measure 1-2 ml of liquorice tincture. Mix with a small amount of water or juice. Consume up to three times daily.
Capsule: Take 200-400 mg of liquorice extract in capsule form once or twice daily with meals.
Powder: Mix 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon of liquorice powder with water or juice. Consume once daily.
Topical application: Apply a cream or ointment containing liquorice extract to the affected skin area as directed by a healthcare provider.

Interactions & Warnings

Liquorice can interact with medications such as diuretics, corticosteroids, and antihypertensives, potentially exacerbating side effects like potassium depletion and increased blood pressure. It may also interfere with the metabolism of certain drugs processed by the liver. Individuals on these medications should consult a healthcare provider before using liquorice. High doses or prolonged use can lead to side effects such as hypertension, edema, and hypokalemia.

Use with caution

Glycyrrhiza uralensis should be used with caution, especially in individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or kidney issues due to its potential to cause fluid retention and increase blood pressure. Pregnant women should avoid it due to possible hormonal effects.