male and female flowers grow on separate trees.

The leaves have historically been applied to treat skin disorders, syphilis, and snakebites. Roots and leaves extracts carry antihelminthic properties and have been used in the treatment of indigestion, cough, and stomach ache, while the seeds are said to be effective against roundworms and threadworms.

It is also a known sudorific — meaning it promotes sweating — which traditional healers used as a fever-breaking mechanism.

the darker, more mature berries accumulate significantly higher concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonoids. Freeze-drying the fruit results in an increase in total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins, making it a compound-preserving method worth noting for anyone working with extracts.

possesses anti-diabetic activity through enhancement of hepatic glycogen storage and regeneration of the islets of Langerhans, the pancreatic cells responsible for insulin production.

From the stem bark, researchers isolated three triterpenoids — friedelin, β-sitosterol, and betulinic acid — with the ethyl acetate fraction showing an α-glucosidase inhibitory IC50 of 19.33 µg/mL, outperforming the pharmaceutical standard miglitol.
Inhibiting α-glucosidase slows the breakdown of carbohydrates in the gut, directly reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes.

In vitro lipid-lowering assays revealed that bignay cultivars had appreciable pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, bile acid binding capacity, and cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition, comparable to known lipid-lowering agents used as positive controls. in plain terms — the fruit interferes with fat absorption at multiple stages of the digestive process simultaneously.

has betulinic acid in the bark, which kills cancer cells.

The bark yields strong fibre suitable for rope and cordage, the timber has been experimentally pulped for cardboard production, and the reddish hardwood — which becomes significantly heavier and harder when soaked in water — has been valued for general construction.