Red Columbine
Aquilegia canadensisUSDA | Grow Zone
3-9Outdoors all year in zones 3 to 9. Anywhere colder, keep it as a houseplant. Protect it below 40°F.
- Light
- Partial shade to full sun
- Water
- Deeply once a week
- Humidity
- 40% to 60%
- Temperature
- 60-75°F (15-24°C)
- Difficulty
- Beginner
- Growth
- Moderate
- Mature size
- 1-3 ft tall, 1-2 ft wide
- Pets
- Mildly toxic to pets
Aquilegia canadensis, commonly known as Red Columbine, is a beautiful perennial native to North America. Its striking red and yellow flowers attract hummingbirds, making it a favorite among gardeners looking to enhance their landscapes.
Ask Vesper about Red Columbine
Ideal temperature
60-75°F is where it grows fastest. Below 40°F cold damage starts.
Spacing and harvest
- Mature size
- 1-3 ft tall, 1-2 ft wide
- Plant apart
- 12-24 in
- Frost
- Hardy: survives frost
Everything it needs
9 essentials at a glance
Watering
Aquilegia canadensis prefers consistently moist soil, especially during its active growing season in spring and early summer.
Water the plant deeply once a week, allowing the top inch of soil to dry out between waterings. In hotter months, increase frequency to twice a week if the soil dries out quickly. Signs of over-watering include yellowing leaves and root rot, while under-watering may cause wilting and browning leaf tips.
Light
This plant thrives in partial shade to full sun, ideally receiving 4 to 6 hours of sunlight daily.
In hotter climates, providing afternoon shade can help prevent leaf scorch. A location with dappled sunlight, such as under deciduous trees, is ideal for optimal growth.
Soil
Aquilegia canadensis prefers well-draining, loamy soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0.
A mix of garden soil, compost, and sand or perlite will improve drainage and nutrient content. Ensure the soil retains some moisture but does not become waterlogged.
Humidity
This plant enjoys moderate humidity levels, ideally between 40% and 60%.
To increase humidity, consider misting the leaves or placing a humidity tray nearby. Signs of humidity stress include browning leaf edges and wilting.
Temperature
Aquilegia canadensis thrives in temperatures between 60°F and 75°F (15°C to 24°C).
It is hardy in USDA zones 3 to 9, tolerating cold winters but may struggle in extreme heat. During summer, providing some shade can help maintain optimal temperatures.
Fertilizing
Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer with an NPK ratio of 10-10-10, applied in early spring as new growth appears.
Fertilize again mid-summer if growth appears slow. Signs of nutrient deficiency include stunted growth and yellowing leaves.
Pruning
Prune back spent flowers to encourage further blooming and prevent self-seeding.
Use clean, sharp pruning shears to cut back stems after flowering. For shaping, prune in early spring before new growth emerges.
Repotting
Repotting is generally not necessary for Aquilegia canadensis, as it prefers to be in the ground.
However, if grown in containers, consider repotting every 2-3 years or when roots become pot-bound. Signs include roots growing out of the drainage holes and stunted growth.
Propagation
Propagation can be achieved through seeds or division.
For seeds, collect them in late summer and sow them in fall or early spring. For division, carefully dig up the plant in early spring or fall, separating the root clumps into smaller sections, and replant them immediately.
When it's unhappy
Yellow leaves
Why it happens
Often caused by over-watering or nutrient deficiency.
How to fix it
Check soil moisture levels and adjust watering frequency. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer if nutrient deficiency is suspected.
Root rot
Why it happens
Occurs due to poor drainage or over-watering.
How to fix it
Ensure proper drainage and reduce watering frequency. If root rot is present, remove affected roots and repot in fresh soil.
Wilting
Why it happens
Can be caused by under-watering or high temperatures.
How to fix it
Water the plant thoroughly and provide shade during the hottest part of the day.
Powdery mildew
Why it happens
High humidity and poor air circulation can lead to this fungal disease.
How to fix it
Improve air circulation around the plant and apply a fungicide if necessary.
Pest infestations (aphids, spider mites)
Why it happens
Pests can thrive in dry conditions or when plants are stressed.
How to fix it
Inspect plants regularly, and treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Care through the year
Spring
In spring, remove any dead foliage and apply a balanced fertilizer as new growth appears. Monitor for pests and water regularly.
Summer
During summer, ensure the plant receives adequate moisture, especially in hot weather. Provide afternoon shade if temperatures rise significantly.
Fall
In fall, allow the plant to die back naturally. You can collect seeds for propagation and clean up any debris around the plant.
Winter
In winter, protect the plant from extreme cold by applying a layer of mulch. Avoid excessive watering during dormant months.
Toxicity & Safety
Aquilegia canadensis is considered mildly toxic to pets and humans. The leaves and seeds contain compounds that can cause gastrointestinal upset if ingested. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Good to know
Why are my Red Columbine leaves turning yellow?
Yellow leaves on Aquilegia canadensis can indicate over-watering or a nutrient deficiency. Check the soil moisture and consider fertilizing if necessary.
How often should I water my Red Columbine?
Water your Red Columbine deeply once a week, allowing the top inch of soil to dry out between waterings. Increase frequency during hot weather.
What type of soil is best for Aquilegia canadensis?
Aquilegia canadensis thrives in well-draining, loamy soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. A mix of garden soil, compost, and perlite works well.
How do I propagate Red Columbine?
You can propagate Red Columbine through seeds or division. Collect seeds in late summer and sow them in fall or early spring, or divide the plant in spring or fall.
What pests affect Aquilegia canadensis?
Common pests include aphids and spider mites. Regularly inspect your plants and treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
When should I prune my Red Columbine?
Prune back spent flowers after blooming to encourage further growth and prevent self-seeding. Early spring is the best time for shaping.
Is Red Columbine toxic to pets?
Yes, Aquilegia canadensis is mildly toxic to pets and humans. Ingesting leaves or seeds can cause gastrointestinal upset.
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