(silphion/silphium)

Ferula drudeana Korovin, is a rare endemic species growing in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. known from only three populations in the Cappadocia region near Hasan Dağı. critically rare and currently at serious risk of over-collection. first collected in 1909 by a German plant collector, formally described in 1930, then effectively lost to science until 1983 when Professor Mahmut Miski of Istanbul University relocated it. in 2021 Miski published the case that F. drudeana is the leading candidate for the legendary ancient plant silphion — the most prized medicinal and culinary plant of the Greek and Roman world, thought extinct for approximately 2,000 years. silphion was once valued at the same price as silver, depicted on coins of Cyrene, and used as spice, aphrodisiac, contraceptive, and treatment for conditions ranging from cancer to epilepsy. the identification remains unconfirmed due to absence of any surviving silphion specimen for DNA comparison, but the morphological, chemical, and historical parallels are striking. it just might be silphion though.

the oleo-gum-resin contains virtually all of the bioactive chemicals produced by the plant — approximately 30 compounds, many previously found in other medicinal plants, matching the therapeutic claims attributed to silphion by ancient authors. the resin has a very pleasant-smelling odor but an acrid taste due to high terpenoid content.

useful for managing headaches, muscle pain, and nerve discomfort.

In ancient Greece, silphium was revered as a gift from Apollo, the Greek god of healing, music, and the sun.

Silphium’s widespread lure was primarily due to its aphrodisiac, oral contraceptive, and abortifacient properties.
aphrodisiac / erectile dysfunction — the defining pharmacology

biologically guided purification confirmed the aphrodisiac potential as listed in Turkish traditional medicine. isolated compounds feselol and samarcandin were directly compared against sildenafil citrate (Viagra) at the same dose in male rats across mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculation latency, and postejaculatory interval.

The plant’s resin, called laser, laserpicium, or lasarpicium, “may have been the ancient world’s most effective antifertility drug”.

Theophrastus describes silphium as having thick roots covered in black bark with a hollow stalk, similar to fennel, and golden leaves, like celery (Hort, 2019). The most valuable part of the plant was the collected resin of the stalk and root, the source of antiquity’s aphrodisiac and antifertility drug.

biological activity of compounds accounts for anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimycobacterial, immunomodulatory, selective estrogen receptor modulator (aphrodisiac and emmenagogue), and cardioprotective activities consistent with ancient medicinal claims for silphion. the presence of both terpenoid and phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity validates ancient oral and topical prescriptions for cardiac inflammation.

the recommended dosage was an amount comparable to the size of a chick-pea taken in two glasses of water taken monthly to provoke menstruation, prevent conception, and dissolve any already existing implantation.

Avoid during pregnancy due to its potential uterine-stimulating effects.

Traditional uses of related Ferula species include managing menstrual irregularities and supporting reproductive health, suggesting similar applications for F. drudeana.

Silphium’s composition has also been compared to other abortifacients used in antiquity, including wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus catora L.), and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.).

Also, the seeds of silphium were described as being heart shaped, and so are ferula drudeana seeds.

F. drudeana is known from only three locations. propagation from seed has so far largely failed. cultivation remains a critical conservation challenge.